Alaska v. Wright, 
593 U.S. 152 (2021) (per curiam) . . . failure to register, habeas corpus, “in custody”

Alleyne v. United States,
570 U.S. 99 (2013) . . . Sixth Amendment, jury trial, Apprendi/Alleyne

Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466 (2000) . . . Sixth Amendment, jury trial, Apprendi/Alleyne

Carr v. United States,
560 U.S. 438 (2010) . . . duty to register, independent duty, failure to register, interstate travel, ex post facto

Chaidez v. United States,
568 U.S. 342 (2013) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel

Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Council, Inc.,
467 U.S. 837 (1984), overruled by, Loper Bright Enter. v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369 (2024) . . . Chevron

Conn. Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Doe,
538 U.S. 1 (2003) . . . duty to register, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Denezpi v. United States,
596 U.S. 591 (2022) . . . Indian Country, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

Descamps v. United States,
570 U.S. 254 (2013) . . . tiering, modified categorical approach, divisible statute

Hill v. Lockhart,
474 U.S. 52 (1985) . . . ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

Hillsborough Cnty., Fla. v. Automated Med. Labs., Inc.,
471 U.S. 707 (1985) . . . Supremacy Clause

Kansas v. Hendricks,
521 U.S. 346 (1997) . . . civil commitment, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez,
372 U.S. 144 (1963) . . . punitive/regulatory

Kokinda v. United States,
145 S. Ct. 124, vacating, 93 F.4th 635 (6th Cir. 2024) . . . Chevron

Loper Bright Enter. v. Raimondo,
603 U.S. 369 (2024) . . . Chevron

Maleng v. Cook,
490 U.S. 488 (1989) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Mathews v. Eldridge,
424 U.S. 319 (1976) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Mathis v. United States,
579 U.S. 500 (2016) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach, modified categorical approach, divisible statute

McGirt v. Oklahoma,
591 U.S. 930 (2020) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

McKune v. Lile,
536 U.S. 24 (2002) . . . Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination

Missouri v. Frye,
566 U.S. 134 (2012) . . . guilty plea/plea agreement

Nichols v. United States,
578 U.S. 104 (2016) . . . duty to register, updating information, failure to register

Nijhawan v. Holder,
557 U.S. 29 (2009) . . . circumstance-specific approach

North Carolina v. Alford,
400 U.S. 25 (1970) . . . Alford plea

Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta,
597 U.S. 629 (2022) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

Ortiz v. Breslin,
142 S. Ct. 914 (2021) (Sotomayor, J., statement respecting denial of certiorari) . . . residency restrictions

Packingham v. North Carolina,
137 S. Ct. 1730 (2017) . . . First Amendment, internet

Reynolds v. United States,
565 U.S. 432 (2012) ("Reynolds I") . . . duty to register, retroactivity

Smith v. Doe,
538 U.S. 84 (2003) . . . retroactivity punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668 (1984) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel

Supreme Ct. N.H. v. Piper,
470 U.S. 274 (1985) . . . Privileges and Immunities Clause

United States v. Bryant, 
579 U.S. 140 (2016) . . . Indian Country, Fifth Amendment, procedural due process, Sixth Amendment, right to counsel

United States v. Comstock, 
560 U.S. 126 (2010) . . . civil commitment, Necessary and Proper Clause

United States v. Gamble, 
587 U.S. 678 (2019) . . . Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

United States v. Halper, 
490 U.S. 435 (1989) . . . Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

United States v. Haymond, 
588 U.S. 634 (2019) . . . Sixth Amendment, jury trial, Apprendi/Alleyne, conditions, supervised release

United States v. Juvenile Male,
564 U.S. 932 (2011) ("Juvenile Male II") . . . duty to register, independent duty, retroactivity, ex post facto

United States v. Kebodeaux,
570 U.S. 387 (2013) . . . military, “sex offense,” Necessary and Proper Clause, retroactivity, ex post facto

Cortes-Martinez v. Torres-La Court,
812 F. Supp. 3d 165 (D.P.R. 2025) . . . First Amendment, compelled speech

Goguen v. United States,
No. 19-cv-00351, 2020 WL 1494492 (D. Maine Mar. 27, 2020), adopted by, No. 19-cv-00351, 2020 WL 2754912 (D. Maine May 27, 2020) . . . Privileges and Immunities Clause

Johnson v. Ashe,
421 F. Supp. 2d 339 (D. Mass. 2006) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Lefkowitz v. Fair,
816 F.2d 17 (1st Cir. 1987) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Miller v. McCormick,
605 F. Supp. 2d 296 (D. Me. 2009) . . . federal housing

Steele v. Murphy,
365 F.3d 14 (1st Cir. 2004) . . . civil commitment, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Benoit,
975 F.3d 20 (1st Cir. 2020) . . . conditions, supervised release, minors

United States v. Del Valle-Cruz,
785 F.3d 48 (1st Cir. 2015) . . . duty to register, independent duty

United States v. DiTomasso,
621 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 2010) . . . duty to register, impossibility

United States v. Hunt,
21 F.4th 36 (1st Cir. 2021) . . . civil commitment

United States v. Morales,
801 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2015) . . . tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Parks,
698 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2012) . . . punitive/regulatory, retroactivity, ex post facto

United States v. Perazza-Mercado,
553 F.3d 65 (1st Cir. 2009) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Pettibone, 
No. 12-cr-026, 2026 WL 608284 (D.R.I. Mar. 4, 2026) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Picard, 
995 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2021) . . . failure to register, mens rea

United States v. Roberson, 
752 F.3d 517 (1st Cir. 2014) . . . “conviction,” duty to register, vacated

United States v. Rogers, 
988 F.3d 106 (1st Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, polygraph, Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination

United States v. Seward, 
967 F.3d 57 (1st Cir. 2020) . . . failure to register, interstate travel, venue

United States v. Thompson, 
431 F. App'x 2 (1st Cir. 2011) . . . duty to register, impossibility

Balentine v. Tremblay, 
554 F. App'x 58 (2d Cir. 2014) . . . defamation, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Brown v. Mellekas,
No. 24-970-cv, 2025 WL 1005715 (2d Cir. Apr. 3, 2025) 
. . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory,  ex post facto, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Brown v. Super. for Conn. Dep't of State Police, 
No. 22-cv-01270, 2024 WL 1256004 (D. Conn. Mar. 25, 2024) . . . “conviction,” Alford plea

Cohen v. Towns, 
No. 23-CV-01827, 2025 WL 1380655 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 2025) . . . residency restrictions, Fifth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, takings

Cornelio v. Connecticut, 
32 F.4th 160 (2d Cir. 2022) . . . First Amendment, internet 
691 F. Supp. 3d 529 (D. Conn. 2023) . . . First Amendment, internet

Cornelio v. Rosado, 
No. 24-cv-01335, 2025 WL 2771677 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2025) . . . First Amendment, compelled speech, internet 

Davis v. Nassau Cnty., 
524 F. Supp. 2d 182 (E.D.N.Y. 2007) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Doe v. Cuomo, 
755 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2014) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe v. Pataki, 
120 F.3d 1263 (2d Cir. 1997) . . . retroactivity,  punitive/regulatory,  ex post facto

Fowlkes v. Parker, 
No. 08-CV-1198, 2010 WL 5490739 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2010), adopted by, No. 08-cv-1198, 2011 WL 13726 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2011) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Gillotti v. United States, 
No. 21-cv-404, 2023 WL 1767462 (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2023) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

Jones v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 
936 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2019) . . . Fourth Amendment, search

Joynes v. Wilkinson, 
No. 21-11501, 2022 WL 3098079 (D.N.J. Aug. 4, 2022) . . . immigration, deportation

Pinach v. Bondi, 
147 F.4th 117 (2d Cir. 2025) . . . immigration, deportation

Spiteri v. Russo, 
No. 12-CV-2780, 2013 WL 4806960 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2013), aff'd sub nom., Spiteri v. Camacho, 622 F. App'x 9 (2d Cir. 2015) . . . Supremacy Clause

United States v. Amin, 
No. 01 CR 491, 2025 WL 902150 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2025) . . . duty to register,  petition to terminate/modify

United States v. Bilyou, 
No. 20-3675, 2021 WL 5121135 (2d Cir. Nov. 4, 2021) . . . conditions,  supervised release, pornography

United States v. Brumett, 
No. 09-CR-37, 2009 WL 2005308 (D. Vt. July 7, 2009) . . . “sex offense” failure to register

United States v. Brunner, 
726 F.3d 299 (2d Cir. 2013) . . . Necessary and Proper Clause, ex post facto, military

United States v. Curry, 
No. 23-6645, 2024 WL 3083391 (2d Cir. June 21, 2024) . . . conditions, supervised release, search

United States v. Dean, 
No. 08-CR-67, 2020 WL 3073340 (S.D.N.Y. June 9, 2020) . . . Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Diaz, 
967 F.3d 107 (2d Cir. 2020) (per curiam), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1424 (2021) . . . punitive/regulatory, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy,  Eighth Amendment

United States v. Eaglin, 
913 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 2019) . . . conditions,  supervised release, internet

United States v. Gayle, 
996 F. Supp. 2d 42 (D. Conn. 2014) . . . immigration, deportation

United States v. Guzman, 
591 F.3d 83 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 561 U.S. 1019 (2010) . . . duty to register, failure to register, impossibility, Commerce Clause,  ex post facto

United States v. Hester, 
589 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2009) . . . duty to register

United States v. Holcombe, 
883 F.3d 12 (2d Cir. 2018) . . . failure to register, interstate travel, venue

United States v. Lendof, 
No. 23-CR-666, 2025 WL 1951876 (S.D.N.Y. July 16, 2025) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” residual clause, conditions, supervised release

United States v. Leone, 
813 F. App'x 665 (2d Cir. 2020) . . . First Amendment, internet, conditions, supervised release, polygraph

United States v. Marrero, 
No. 22-2030, 2024 WL 1253643 (2d Cir. Mar. 25, 2024) . . . failure to register, tiering

United States v. Mingo, 
964 F.3d 134 (2d Cir. 2020) . . . military, “sex offense,” nondelegation, Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Morse, 
No. 21-3110-cr, 2023 WL 1458832 (2d Cir. Feb. 2, 2023) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Nash, 
Nos. 25-1658, 25-1662, 2026 WL 160716 (2d Cir. Jan. 21, 2026) . . . conditions, supervised release, pornography

United States v. Piper, 
No. 12-cr-41, 2013 WL 4052897 (D. Vt. Aug. 12, 2013) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, Chevron

United States v. Robbins, 729 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 2013) . . . failure to register, Commerce Clause

United States v. Rosado, 
109 F.4th 120 (2d Cir. 2024) . . . conditions, supervised release 

United States v. Thompson, 
143 F.4th 169 (2d Cir. 2025) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register  

United States v. Youngs, 
687 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2012) . . . civil commitment, procedural due process

Valles v. Att’y Gen. of United States, 
No. 25-cv-2215, 2026 WL 380667 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 11, 2026), appeal filed, No. 26-610 (2d Cir. Mar. 13, 2026) . . . duty to register, First Amendment, compelled speech

White v. LaClair, 
No. 19-CV-1283, 2021 WL 200857 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Woe v. Spitzer, 
571 F. Supp. 2d 382 (E.D.N.Y. 2008) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process

A.A. ex rel. M.M. v. New Jersey, 
341 F.3d 206 (3d Cir. 2003) . . . First Amendment, right to privacy

Artway v. Att’y Gen. of N.J., 
81 F.3d 1235 (3d Cir. 1996) . . . Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

B.K. v. Grewal, 
No. 19-05587, 2020 WL 5627231 (D.N.J. Sept. 21, 2020) (unpublished decision) 
. . . juveniles, due process, equal protection

Bakran v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 
894 F.3d 557 (3d Cir. 2018) . . . immigration, deportation

Bonser v. Dist. Att'y Monroe Cnty., 
659 F. App'x 126 (3d Cir. 2016) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Castaneira v. Potteiger, 
621 F. App'x 116 (3d Cir. 2015) . . . residency restrictions, Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

Coleman v. Arpaio, 
No. 09-6308, 2010 WL 1707031 (D.N.J. Apr. 27, 2010) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Coleman v. Dretke, 
395 F.3d 216 (5th Cir. 2004) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, sex offender label

Doe v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 
513 F.3d 95 (3d Cir. 2008) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

Dongarra v. Smith, 
27 F.4th 174 (3d Cir. 2022) . . . Eighth Amendment, cruel and unusual punishment

Farmer v. Harman, 
No. 18-CV-02216, 2021 WL 2222720 (M.D. Pa. June 2, 2021) . . . punitive/regulatory, Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, equal protection

Grijalva Martinez v. Att'y Gen. of United States, 
978 F.3d 860 (3d Cir. 2020) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach, immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Moreno v. Att'y Gen. of United States, 
887 F.3d 160 (3d Cir. 2018) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Pendleton v. United States, 
No. 13-127, 2016 WL 402857 (D. Del. Feb. 1, 2016) . . . duty to register, retroactivity, Administrative Procedure Act

Piasecki v. Ct. of Common Pleas, Buck Cnty., Pa., 
917 F.3d 161 (3d Cir. 2019) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Preik v. Dist. Att'y of Alleghenny Cnty., 
No. 10-1612, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 100417 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 12, 2011) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Renchenski v. Williams, 
622 F.3d 315 (3d Cir. 2010) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, due process, sex offender label

Thomas v. Blocker, 
No. 21-1943, 2022 WL 2870151 (3d Cir. July 21, 2022) . . . duty to register, independent duty, Tenth Amendment, federalism, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Totimeh v. Att'y Gen. of United States, 
666 F.3d 109 (3d Cir. 2012) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

United States v. Brown, 
740 F.3d 145 (3d Cir. 2014) . . . “sex offense,” Romeo & Juliet

United States v. Capone, 
No. 15-214, 2025 WL 3062737 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 3, 2025) . . . duty to register, “sex offense”

United States v. D’Ambrosio, 
105 F.4th 533 (3d Cir. 2024) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register
798 F. Supp. 3d 508 (M.D. Pa. 2025) . . . Romeo & Juliet, duty to register, “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Dahl, 
81 F. Supp. 3d 405 (E.D. Pa. 2015) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Freeman, 
316 F.3d 386 (3d Cir. 2003) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Gilchrist, 
No. 19-147, 2021 WL 808753 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2021) . . . “sex offense,” failure to register, Sixth Amendment

United States v. Icker, 
13 F.4th 321 (3d Cir. 2021) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” 18 U.S.C. § 242, conditions, supervised release

United States v. Josey, 
155 F.4th 234 (3d Cir. 2025) . . . duty to register, updating information, failure to register

United States v. Pendleton, 
636 F.3d 78 (3d Cir. 2011) . . . duty to register, independent duty, Commerce Clause 
No. 08-59, 2009 WL 2984201 (D. Del. Sept. 18, 2009) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders

United States v. Phillip, 
No. 19-1-2, 2026 WL 883439 (D.V.I. Mar. 31, 2026) . . . “conviction,” duty to register, incompetent

United States v. Reynolds, 
710 F.3d 498 (3d Cir. 2013) ("Reynolds II") . . . retroactivity, Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Shenandoah, 
595 F.3d 151 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 560 U.S. 974 (2010) . . . duty to register, impossibility, right to travel, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Al-Wahhab v. Commonwealth, 
No. 18-cv-00197, 2018 WL 3614212 (W.D. Va. July 27, 2018) . . . Americans with Disabilities Act

Baxter v. Kennedy, 
136 F.4th 70 (4th Cir. 2025) . . . categorical approach, modified categorical approach, divisible statute

Desper v. Clarke, 
1 F.4th 236 (4th Cir. 2021) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Doe #1 v. Cooper, 
842 F.3d 833 (4th Cir. 2016) . . . residency restrictions, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, vague

Doe v. Keel, 
No. 20-2755, 2023 WL 6450622 (D.S.C. Sept. 29, 2023) . . . public registry, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, equal protection, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

Doe v. Settle, 
24 F.4th 932 (4th Cir. 2022) . . . punitive/regulatory, Eighth Amendment,  cruel and unusual punishment, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process
No. 20-cv-190, 2020 WL 5352002 (E.D. Va. Aug. 17, 2020), aff’d, 24 F.4th 932 (4th Cir. 2022) . . . employment restrictions

Edmonds v. Pruett, 
No. 13cv1167, 2014 WL 4182664 (E.D. Va. Aug. 20, 2014) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

Gomez-Ruotolo v. Garland, 
96 F.4th 670 (4th Cir. 2024) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Grabarczyk v. Stein, 
No. 21-CV-94, 2021 WL 5810501 (E.D.N.C. Dec. 7, 2021) . . . “sex offense,” “substantially similar,” Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Grant-Davis v. Felker, 
No. 19-cv-3468, 2021 WL 4055162 (D.S.C. July 15, 2021), adopted by, No. 19-cv-3468, 2021 WL 3561179 (D.S.C. Aug. 12, 2021), aff'd, No. 21-7281, 2023 WL 3970009 (4th Cir. June 13, 2023) . . . Americans with Disabilities Act

Grant-Davis v. Hendrix, 
No. 22-cv-1872, 2023 WL 4758751 (D.S.C. July 26, 2023) . . . federal housing

Kennedy v. Allera, 
612 F.3d 261 (4th Cir. 2010) . . . duty to register, independent duty, Tenth Amendment, federalism

Meredith v. Stein, 
355 F. Supp. 3d 355 (E.D.N.C. 2018) . . . “sex offense,” “substantially similar,” Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Mohamed v. Holder, 
769 F.3d 885 (4th Cir. 2014) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Nat'l Assoc. for Rational Sexual Offense Laws v. Att'y Gen. Joshua Stein, 
112 F.4th 196 (4th Cir. 2024) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Orfield v. Virginia, 
No. 12CV541, 2012 WL 3561920 (E.D. Va. Aug. 16, 2012) . . . bill of attainder 

Prynne v. Settle, 
848 F. App’x 93 (4th Cir. 2021) . . . right to travel

Struniak v. Lynch, 
159 F. Supp. 3d 643 (E.D. Va. 2016) . . . immigration, deportation

United States v. Atkins, 
498 F. App'x 276 (4th Cir. 2012) . . . failure to register, venue

United States v. Beck, 
957 F.3d 440 (4th Cir. 2020) . . . Sixth Amendment, jury trial, sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Berry, 
814 F.3d 192 (4th Cir. 2016) . . . tiering, categorical approach, circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Bridges, 
741 F.3d 464 (4th Cir. 2014) . . . “conviction,” nolo contendere, withheld adjudication, Chevron
901 F. Supp. 2d 677 (W.D. Va. 2012), aff’d, 741 F.3d 464 (4th Cir. 2014) 
. . . “conviction,” withheld adjudication

United States v. Cabrera-Umanzor, 
728 F.3d 347 (4th Cir. 2013) . . . modified categorical approach, divisible statute

United States v. Collins, 
773 F.3d 25 (4th Cir. 2014) . . . “sex offense,” failure to register

United States v. Crain, 
321 F. App'x 329 (4th Cir. 2009) . . . conditions, supervised release

United States v. Ellis, 
984 F.3d 1092 (4th Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet, pornography

United States v. Faulls, 
821 F.3d 502 (4th Cir. 2016) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” modified categorical approach, divisible statute

United States v. Gould,
568 F.3d 459 (4th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 974 (2010) . . . failure to register, notice, impossibility, ex post facto, Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Hamilton, 
986 F.3d 413 (4th Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Kokinda, 
93 F. 4th 635 (4th Cir.), vacated, 145 S. Ct. 124 (2024) . . . failure to register, Chevron
146 F.4th 405 (4th Cir. 2025) . . . failure to register, Chevron

United States v. Mixell, 
806 F. App'x 180 (4th Cir. 2020) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Odoms, 
805 F. Supp. 3d 695 (E.D. Va. 2025) . . . failure to register, mens rea, homeless offenders

United States v. Olson, 
114 F.4th 269 (4th Cir. 2024) . . . conditions, supervised release, search

United States v. Palmer, 
No. 22-cr-113, 2026 WL 285964 (E.D. Va. Feb. 3, 2026) . . . failure to register, mens rea

United States v. Pertuset, 
160 F. Supp. 3d 926 (S.D.W. Va. 2016) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Price, 
777 F.3d 700 (4th Cir. 2015) . . . “sex offense,” failure to register, circumstance-specific approach, residual clause, Sixth Amendment, Chevron

United States v. Skillman, 
No. 09-0630, 2026 WL 510747 (D. Md. Feb. 24, 2026) . . . “conviction,” duty to register, failure to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record 

United States v. Snyder, 
611 F. App'x 770 (4th Cir. 2015) . . . failure to register, venue
No. 13-CR-48, 2014 WL 1408066 (N.D.W. Va. Apr. 11, 2014), aff'd in part, vacated in part, and remanded, 611 F. App'x 770 (4th Cir. 2015) . . . failure to register, venue

United States v. Spivey, 
956 F.3d 212 (4th Cir. 2020) . . . failure to register, interstate travel, venue

United States v. Under Seal, 
709 F.3d 257 (4th Cir. 2013) . . . juveniles, punitive/regulatory, Eighth Amendment, cruel and unusual punishment, Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act 

United States v. Vanderhorst, 
688 F. App'x 185 (4th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (unpublished decision) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, 18 U.S.C. § 1952, Chevron

United States v. Vandivere, 
88 F.4th 481 (4th Cir. 2023), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 372 (2024) . . . civil commitment, due process

Wilson v. Flaherty, 
689 F.3d 332 (4th Cir. 2012) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Doe v. Jindal, 
851 F. Supp. 2d 995 (E.D. La. 2012) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

Does 1-7 v. Abbott, 
945 F.3d 307 (5th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) . . . punitive/regulatory, Fifth Amendment, Eighth Amendment, double jeopardy, ex post facto

Duarte v. City of Lewisville, 
858 F.3d 348 (5th Cir. 2017) . . . residency restrictions, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Greenwald v. Cantrell, 
No. 22-2371, 2025 WL 763918 (E.D. La. Mar. 11, 2025) . . . Americans with Disabilities Act
No. 22-2371, 2024 WL 4203079 (E.D. La. Sept. 16, 2024), rev’d sub nom., Greenwald v. Murrill, No. 24-30661, 2026 WL 500139 (5th Cir. Feb. 23, 2026) . . . Americans with Disabilities Act

Greenwald v. Murrill, 
No. 24-30661, 2026 WL 500139 (5th Cir. Feb. 23, 2026) (per curiam), rev’g, Greenwald v. Cantrell, No. 22-2371, 2024 WL 4203079 (E.D. La. Sept. 16, 2024) . . . Americans with Disabilities Act, failure to register

Groys v. City of Richardson, 
No. 20-cv-03202, 2021 WL 3852186 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 9, 2021) . . . residency restrictions, Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto 

Henley v. Hous. Auth. of New Orleans, 
No. 12-2687, 2013 WL 1856061 (E.D. La. May 1, 2013) . . . federal housing

Johnson v. Davis, 
697 F. App'x 274 (5th Cir. 2017) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

King v. McCraw, 
559 F. App'x 278 (5th Cir. 2014) . . . retroactivity, ex post facto, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process

Lempar v. Lumpkin, 
No. 20-50664, 2021 WL 5409266 (5th Cir. June 8, 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

McMahon v. Campbell, 
No. 24-30179, 2025 WL 586819 (5th Cir. Feb. 24, 2025) (per curiam) . . . First Amendment, internet

Meza v. Livingston, 
607 F.3d 392 (5th Cir. 2010) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Nelson v. Landry, 
714 F. Supp. 3d 790 (M.D. La. 2024) . . .  juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, First Amendment, compelled speech

Pearson v. Holder, 
No. 09-cv-00682, 2011 WL 13185719 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 29, 2011) . . . bill of attainder

Pierre v. Vasquez, 
No. 20-CV-224, 2022 WL 3219421 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 9, 2022) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process 

Thomas v. Taylor, 
No. 18-cv-238, 2022 WL 851725 (N.D. Miss. Mar. 22, 2022) . . . “sex offense,” kidnapping

United States v. Alexander, 
No. 21-11237, 2022 WL 3134226 (5th Cir. Aug. 5, 2022) (per curiam) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register

United States v. Arnold, 
740 F.3d 1032 (5th Cir. 2014) . . . First Amendment, compelled speech

United States v. Baptiste, 
34 F. Supp. 3d 662 (W.D. Tex. 2014) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” residual clause, categorical approach, Chevron

United States v. Becerra, 
835 F. App'x 751 (5th Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Belaire, 
480 F. App'x 284 (5th Cir. 2012) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Borum, 
567 F. Supp. 3d 751 (N.D. Miss. 2021) . . . failure to register, “conviction,” nolo contendere

United States v. Brown, 
774 F. App’x 837 (5th Cir. 2019) . . . military, “sex offense,” categorical approach, tiering

United States v. Byrd, 
419 F. App'x 485 (5th Cir. 2011) . . . right to travel

United States v. Elias, 
No. 19-CR-190, 2019 WL 3803111 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 12, 2019) . . . failure to register, venue, continuing offense

United States v. Escalante, 
933 F.3d 395 (5th Cir. 2019) . . . tiering, circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Fuentes, 
856 F. App'x 533 (5th Cir. 2021) (per curiam) . . . “sex offense,” Romeo & Juliet

United States v. Gonzalez-Medina, 
757 F.3d 425 (5th Cir. 2014) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach

United States v. Hidalgo, 
No. 21-60208, 2021 WL 4597198 (5th Cir. Oct. 6, 2021) (per curiam) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet
No. 23-60123, 2023 WL 597070 (5th Cir. Sept. 14, 2023) (per curiam) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Johnson, 
632 F.3d 912 (5th Cir. 2011) . . . Commerce Clause, retroactivity, ex post facto, Tenth Amendment, federalism, Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Massey, 
No. 05-37, 2021 WL 1267798 (E.D. La. Mar. 18, 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register

United States v. McGrath, 
No. 04-0061, 2017 WL 6349046 (M.D. La. Dec. 12, 2017) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Montgomery, 
966 F.3d 335 (5th Cir. 2020) . . . “sex offense,” “substantially similar,” tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Navarro, 
54 F.4th 268 (5th Cir. 2022) . . . duty to register, independent duty, tiering, categorical approach, failure to register, impossibility

United States v. Nazerzadeh, 
73 F.4th 341 (5th Cir. 2023) . . . “sex offense,” duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Parkerson, 
984 F.3d 1124 (5th Cir. 2021), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 753 (2022) . . . failure to register

United States v. Parson, 
No. 14-234, 2015 WL 1208563 (W.D. La. Mar. 17, 2015) . . . “sex offense,” Romeo & Juliet, circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Quintanilla-Matamoros, 
164 F.4th 366 (5th Cir. 2026) . . . categorical approach, tiering, failure to register

United States v. Robles, 
No. 2510468, 2026 WL 908540 (5th Cir. Apr. 2, 2026) (per curiam) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register

United States v. Schofield, 
802 F.3d 722 (5th Cir. 2015) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, categorical approach, circumstance-specific approach, Chevron

United States v. Shepherd, 
880 F.3d 734 (5th Cir. 2018) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Smith, 
852 F. App'x 780 (5th Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register

United States v. Stewart, 
843 F. App'x 600 (5th Cir. 2021) . . . failure to register, venue

United States v. Thompson, 
811 F.3d 717 (5th Cir. 2016) . . . failure to register, interstate travel

United States v. Torres, 
573 F. Supp. 2d 925 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 21, 2008) . . . failure to register, notice, duty to register, Fourteenth Amendment, due process

United States v. Vazquez-Alba, 
124 F.4th 373 (5th Cir. 2024) . . . immigration, deportation, categorical approach

United States v. Young, 
585 F.3d 199 (5th Cir. 2009) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Ali v. Carlton, 
No. 04-398, 2005 WL 1118066 (E.D. Tenn. April 25, 2005) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Bushra v. Holder, 
529 F. App’x 659 (6th Cir. 2013) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Carr v. United States, 
660 F. App’x 329 (6th Cir. 2016) . . . duty to register, updating information

Corridore v. Washington, 
71 F.4th 491 (6th Cir. 2023) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Cutshall v. Sundquist, 
193 F.3d 466 (6th Cir. 1999) . . . First Amendment, right to privacy, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

Dennard v. Haviland, 
No. 17CV1773, 2019 WL 8326452 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 15, 2019) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Denoma v. Ohio Dep't of Rehab. & Corr., 
No. 20-cv-00227, 2021 WL 1185481 (N.D. Ohio Mar. 30, 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Doe v. Bredesen, 
507 F.3d 998 (6th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 921 (2008) . . . retroactivity, ex post facto

Doe v. Burlew, 
165 F.4th 525 (6th Cir. 2026), vacating, 740 F. Supp. 3d 576 (W.D. Ky. 2024) . . . First Amendment, internet

Doe v. Lee, 
752 F. Supp. 3d 884 (M.D. Tenn. 2024) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” kidnapping, due process, ex post facto

Doe v. Rausch, 
461 F. Supp. 3d 747 (E.D. Tenn. 2020) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe v. Snyder, 
606 F. Supp. 3d 608 (E.D. Mich. 2021) . . . retroactivity, ex post facto

Doe #1 v. Lee,
102 F.4th 330 (6th Cir. 2024), aff’g in part, rev’g in part, Does #1-9 v. Lee, 659 F. Supp. 3d 865 (M.D. Tenn. 2023) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe #1-9 v. Lee,
809 F. Supp. 3d 768 (M.D. Tenn. 2025) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Does v. Mich. State Police, 
No. 21-cv-12843, 2025 WL 923425 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 26, 2025), appeal filed, No. 25-1415 (6th Cir. Apr. 28, 2025) . . . Fourth Amendment, search

Does v. Whitmer, 
751 F. Supp. 3d 761 (E.D. Mich. 2024) ("Does III") . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto
First Amendment, compelled speech, internet identifiers, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, equal protection
773 F. Supp. 3d 380 (E.D. Mich. 2025) ("Does III"), appeal filed, Nos. 25-1413, 25-1414 (6th Cir. Apr. 28, 2025) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, due process, vague

Does #1-5 v. Snyder, 
834 F.3d 696 (6th Cir. 2016) ("Does I") . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Does #1-9 v. Lee, 
574 F. Supp. 3d 558 (M.D. Tenn. 2021) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto
659 F. Supp. 3d 865 (M.D. Tenn. 2023), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, and remanded by, Doe #1 v. Lee, 102 F. 4th 330 (6th Cir. 2024) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Harris v. United States, 
No. 24-CV-00041, 2025 WL 3452514 (E.D. Tenn. Dec. 1, 2025) . . . duty to register, notice, guilty plea/plea agreement

Hautzenroeder v. Dewine, 
887 F.3d 737 (6th Cir. 2018) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Leslie v. Randle, 
296 F.3d 518 (6th Cir. 2002) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

McClendon v. Washington, 
144 F.4th 400 (6th Cir. 2025) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, sex offender label

Million v. Rausch, 
No. 22-cv-453, 2025 WL 1244790 (E.D. Tenn. Apr. 29, 2025) . . . ex post facto, First Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, vague

Mireles v. Bell, 
No. 06-13706, 2008 WL 126581 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 11, 2008) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

Reid v. Lee, 
476 F. Supp. 3d 684 (M.D. Tenn. 2020) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Rollin v. Off. of Comm’r of Ky. Dep’t of Corr., 
No. 22-5519, 2023 WL 4112081 (6th Cir. Feb. 27, 2023) . . . Eighth Amendment, cruel and unusual punishment

Saylor v. Nagy, 
No. 20-1834, 2021 WL 5356030 (6th Cir. Nov. 17, 2021) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel

Suhail v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 
No. 15-cv-12595, 2015 WL 7016340 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 12, 2015) . . . immigration, deportation

Thomas v. Morgan, 
109 F. Supp. 2d 763 (N.D. Ohio 2000) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

United States v. Backus, 
550 F. App'x 260 (6th Cir. 2014) . . . tiering, Sixth Amendment

United States v. Banks, 
No. 22-1095, 2023 U.S. App. LEXIS 5045 (6th Cir. Mar. 1, 2023) . . . failure to register, impossibility

United States v. Barcus, 
892 F.3d 228 (6th Cir. 2018) . . . tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Black, 
963 F. Supp. 2d 790 (E.D. Tenn. 2013) . . . tiering, categorical approach, Sixth Amendment

United States v. Buddi, 
168 F.4th 439 (6th Cir. 2026), rev’g, No. 24-CR-00018, 2024 WL 4304791 (E.D. Tenn. Sept. 26, 2024) . . . “sex offense,” failure to register, categorical approach, tiering

United States v. Capri, 
No. 23-CR-00105, 2024 WL 3381305 (E.D. Tenn. July 11, 2024) . . . failure to register, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Cates, 
No. 25-CR-00070, 2025 WL 3711872 (E.D. Tenn. Dec. 22, 2025) . . . tiering, categorical approach, Fifth Amendment, due process, vague

United States v. Cottle, 
355 F. App'x 18 (6th Cir. 2009) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Dubin, 
No. 12-cr-20828-1, 2023 WL 3261578 (E.D. Mich. May 4, 2023) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Felts, 
674 F.3d 599 (6th Cir. 2012) . . . failure to register, notice, duty to register, independent duty, impossibility, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, Tenth Amendment, federalism

United States v. Fortner, 
943 F.3d 1007 (6th Cir. 2019) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Golobic, 
170 F.4th 515 (6th Cir. 2026) . . . duty to register, “sex offense”

United States v. Gomez, 
129 F.4th 954 (6th Cir. 2025) . . . sentencing enhancement

United States v. Jensen, 
278 F. App’x 548 (6th Cir. 2008) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause

United States v. Lee, 
No. 21-5060, 2021 LX 41288 (6th Cir. Dec. 6, 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, sex offender treatment, search

United States v. Mason, 
No. 25-5387, 2025 LX 562083 (6th Cir. Dec. 19, 2025) (unpublished decision) . . . guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. McGough, 
844 F. App'x 859 (6th Cir. 2021) . . . tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Myers, 
No. 15-cr-41, 2025 WL 1080599 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 10, 2025) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Paul, 
718 F. App'x 360 (6th Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 342 (2019) . . . duty to register, independent duty, Full Faith and Credit Clause

United States v. Shannon, 
511 F. App'x 487 (6th Cir. 2013) . . . duty to register, juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, conditions, supervised release, ex post facto

United States v. Shepard,
658 F. App’x 260 (6th Cir. 2016) . . . Fifth Amendment, due process, vague

United States v. Stevenson, 
676 F.3d 557 (6th Cir. 2012) . . . retroactivity, Chevron

United States v. Stock, 
685 F.3d 621 (6th Cir. 2012) . . . failure to register, notice, impossibility, Tenth Amendment, federalism

United States v. Utesch, 
596 F.3d 302 (6th Cir. 2010) . . . Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Voyles, 
No. 21-5634, 2022 WL 3585637 (6th Cir. Aug. 22, 2022) . . . conditions, supervised release, sex offender treatment, polygraph

Willman v. Att'y Gen. of United States, 
972 F.3d 819 (6th Cir. 2020) . . . duty to register, independent duty, First Amendment, right to privacy

Wilson v. Smith, 
No. 23-11666, 2025 WL 1299165 (E.D. Mich. May 5, 2025) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, sex offender label

Antrim v. Hoy, 
No. 19-cv-0396, 2025 WL 775896 (E.D. Wis. Mar. 11, 2025), appeal filed, No. 25-1460 (7th Cir. Mar. 19, 2025) . . . Fourth Amendment, GPS, search

Barnes v. Jeffreys, 
529 F. Supp. 3d 784 (N.D. Ill. 2021) . . . residency restrictions, Eighth Amendment, homeless offenders, Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

Beley v. City of Chicago, 
No. 12 C 9714, 2015 WL 8153377 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 27, 2015) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders

Belleau v. Wall, 
811 F.3d 929 (7th Cir. 2016) . . . Fourth Amendment, GPS, search

Braam v. Carr, 
37 F.4th 1269 (7th Cir. 2022) . . . Fourth Amendment, GPS, search

Bradley v. Keppler, 
No. 25-2077, 2025 WL 3709066 (7th Cir. Dec. 22, 2025) . . . duty to register, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Christopher v. United States, 
148 F.4th 885 (7th Cir. 2025) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

Cross v. Kelly, 
No. 23-cv-3165, 2025 WL 3048917 (C.D. Ill. Oct. 31, 2025) . . . duty to register, Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

Derfus v. City of Chicago, 
No. 13 C 7298, 2015 WL 1592558 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 6, 2015) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders

Doe v. Prosecutor, Marion Cnty., Ind., 
705 F.3d 694 (7th Cir. 2013) . . . residency restrictions, park/playground bans, First Amendment, internet

Harder v. United States, 
Nos. 21-cv-188, 14-cr-67, 2021 WL 3418958 (W.D. Wis. Aug. 5, 2021) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” categorical approach, failure to register

Hope v. Comm’r of Ind. Dep't of Corr., 
66 F.4th 647 (7th Cir. 2023) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection
9 F.4th 513 (7th Cir. 2021) . . . right to travel, ex post facto

Johnson v. City of Chicago, 
No. 12-cv-08594, 2016 WL 5720388 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 30, 2016) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Johnson v. Madigan, 
880 F.3d 371 (7th Cir. 2018) . . . ex post facto, classification

Kitterman v. City of Belleville, 
66 F.4th 1084 (7th Cir. 2023) . . . Eighth Amendment, cruel and unusual punishment

Koch v. Village of Hartland, 
43 F.4th 747 (7th Cir. 2022) . . . residency restrictions, retroactivity, ex post facto

Krebs v. Graveley, 
861 F. App'x 671 (7th Cir. 2021) . . . name change, First Amendment

Kreilein v. Horth, 
854 F. App'x 733 (7th Cir. 2021) . . . duty to register, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, sex offender label

Montoya v. Jeffreys, 
565 F. Supp. 3d 1045 (N.D. Ill. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, minors, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Mueller v. Raemisch, 
740 F.3d 1128 (7th Cir. 2014) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Murphy v. Rychlowski, 
868 F.3d 561 (7th Cir. 2017) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Robinson v. Knutson, 
No. 23-CV-517, 2023 WL 6148550 (E.D. Wis. Sept. 20, 2023), appeal filed, No. 23-2979 (7th Cir. Oct. 16, 2023) . . . “sex offense,” false imprisonment

Rosin v. Monken, 
599 F.3d 574 (7th Cir. 2010) . . . Full Faith and Credit Clause

Ross v. Carter, 
No. 20-cv-00876, 2022 WL 1459375 (S.D. Ind. May 9, 2022) . . . duty to register, independent duty

Saiger v. City of Chicago, 
37 F. Supp. 3d 979 (N.D. Ill. 2014) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Shaw v. Smith, 
206 F. App'x 546 (7th Cir. 2006) . . . Americans with Disabilities Act

Steward v. Folz, 
190 F. App'x 476 (7th Cir. 2006) . . . Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

United States v. Cruz-Rivera, 
74 F.4th 503 (7th Cir. 2023), aff'g, No. 21-cr-00160, 2021 WL 5014947 (S.D. Ind. Oct. 28, 2021) . . . failure to register, interstate travel

United States v. Elder, 
900 F.3d 491 (7th Cir. 2018) . . . circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Goodpasture, 
No. 21-1264, 2021 WL 4859699 (7th Cir. Oct. 19, 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Goodwin, 
717 F.3d 511 (7th Cir. 2013) . . . “sex offense,” failure to register

United States v. Haslage, 
853 F.3d 331 (7th Cir. 2017) . . . duty to register, updating information, failure to register, venue

United States v. Holm, 
326 F.3d 872 (7th Cir. 2003) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Leach, 
639 F.3d 769 (7th Cir. 2011) . . . duty to register, independent duty, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Meadows, 
772 F. App’x 368 (7th Cir. 2019) . . . duty to register, independent duty

United States v. Rogers, 
804 F.3d 1233 (7th Cir. 2015) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach, Romeo & Juliet 

United States v. Sanders, 
622 F.3d 779 (7th Cir. 2010) . . . failure to register, interstate travel

United States v. Taylor, 
644 F.3d 573 (7th Cir. 2011) . . . military, “sex offense,” modified categorical approach, Sixth Amendment

United States v. Thayer, 
40 F.4th 797 (7th Cir. 2022) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach, Romeo & Juliet, Chevron

United States v. Vasquez, 
611 F.3d 325 (7th Cir. 2010) . . . duty to register, notice, failure to register, mens rea 

United States v. Walker, 
931 F.3d 576 (7th Cir. 2019) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach, tiering, circumstance-specific approach, failure to register
No. 17-CR-184, 2018 WL 3325909 (E.D. Wis. July 6, 2018) . . . failure to register, tiering, Sixth Amendment

United States v. Williams, 
No. 12-CR-144 (N.D. Ind. Aug. 30, 2024) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register 

Valenti v. Lawson, 
889 F.3d 427 (7th Cir. 2018) . . . residency restrictions, state constitution

Vazquez v. Foxx, 
895 F.3d 515 (7th Cir. 2018) . . . Fifth Amendment, takings, ex post facto

Virsnieks v. Smith, 
521 F.3d 707 (7th Cir. 2008) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Wiggins v. United States, 
No. 18-cv-03492, 2019 WL 5079557 (S.D. Ind. Oct. 10, 2019) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

Williams v. Arnold, 
No. 25-CV-108, 2025 WL 3652900 (N.D. Ind. Dec. 15, 2025), appeal filed, No. 26-1014 (7th Cir. Jan. 5, 2026) . . . “sex offense,” Romeo & Juliet, conditions, supervised release, duty to register

A.W. by and through Doe v. Nebraska, 
865 F.3d 1014 (8th Cir. 2017) . . . duty to register, juveniles, adjudicated delinquent

Bacon v. Neer
631 F.3d 875 (8th Cir. 2011) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Bakor v. Barr
958 F.3d 732 (8th Cir. 2020) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Burr v. Snider,
234 F.3d 1052 (8th Cir. 2000) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Daywitt v. Harpstead, 
No. 20-CV-1743, 2021 WL 2210521 (D. Minn. June 1, 2021) . . . civil commitment, internet, First Amendment

De La Hunt v. Villmer, 
No. 16-CV-2171, 2021 WL 4523095 (E.D. Mo. Sept. 30, 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Doe v. Nebraska,
898 F. Supp. 2d 1086 (D. Neb. 2012) . . . Fourth Amendment, search, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, First Amendment, internet

Doe v. Peterson,
No. 18CV422, 2018 WL 5255179 (D. Neb. Oct. 22, 2018) . . . duty to register, juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, Fourteenth Amendment, right to travel, equal protection

Doe 1 v. City of Apple Valley, 
487 F. Supp. 3d 761 (D. Minn. 2020) . . . residency restrictions, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe 1-36 v. Nebraska, 
734 F. Supp. 2d 882 (D. Neb. 2010) . . . updating information, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, First Amendment, internet

Doe I v. Miller, 
405 F.3d 700 (8th Cir. 2005) . . . residency restrictions, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe I v. Peterson, 
43 F.4th 838 (8th Cir. 2022) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, equal protection 
528 F. Supp. 3d 1068 (D. Neb. 2021), aff’d, 43 F.4th 838 (8th Cir. 2022) . . .  juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, Eighth Amendment, cruel and unusual punishment, ex post facto

Does 1-35 v. State ex rel. Ford, 
No. 15-cv-01638, 2020 WL 5820992 (Sept. 29, 2020), vacated in part by, 2021 WL 4509163 (D. Nev. Sept. 30, 2021) . . . residency restrictions, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Gore v. United States, 
No. 21-cv-00478, 2021 WL 2915073 (E.D. Mo. July 12, 2021) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, venue

Gore v. United States, 
No. 21-CV-00535, 2021 WL 4430040 (W.D. Mo. Sept. 27, 2021) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, venue

Gunderson v. Hvass, 
339 F.3d 639 (8th Cir. 2003) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, procedural due process

Hansen v. Marr, 
594 F. Supp. 2d 1097 (D. Neb. 2009) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Holmes v. Nebraska, 
No. 21CV159, 2021 WL 3663885 (D. Neb. July 9, 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Maxwell v. Larkins, 
No. 08 CV 1896, 2010 WL 2680333 (E.D. Mo. July 1, 2010) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Sanderson v. Hanaway, 
163 F.4th 1101 (8th Cir. 2026) . . . First Amendment, compelled speech

United States v. Baccam, 
562 F.3d 1197 (8th Cir. 2009) . . . failure to register, notice, duty to register

United States v. Banes, 
Nos. 21-1187, 21-1188, 2021 WL 5407458 (8th Cir. Nov. 19, 2021) (per curiam) (unpublished decision) . . . failure to register, venue

United States v. Billiot, 
785 F.3d 1266 (8th Cir. 2015) . . . duty to register, independent duty

United States v. Brooks, 
No. 23-1694, 2023 WL 6861861 (8th Cir. Oct. 18, 2023) (per curiam) . . . Commerce Clause, nondelegation

United States v. Burchell, 
No. 21-cr-40025, 2021 WL 3726899 (D.S.D. Aug. 23, 2021) . . . failure to register, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Burgee, 
988 F.3d 1054 (8th Cir. 2021) . . . failure to register, “sex offense,” circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Casner, 
No. 25-CR-30001, 2025 WL 2252580 (W.D. Ark. Aug. 7, 2025) . . . failure to register, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Coppock, 
765 F.3d 921 (8th Cir. 2014) . . . military, “sex offense,” failure to register

United States v. Coulson, 
86 F.4th 1189 (8th Cir. 2023) . . . military, “sex offense,” categorical approach

United States v. Crume, 
422 F.3d 728 (8th Cir. 2005) . . . First Amendment, conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Finn, 
919 F. Supp. 1305 (D. Minn. 1995) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction, Public Law 280

United States v. First in Trouble,
No. 24-2290, 2025 WL 1466781 (8th Cir. May 22, 2025) (per curiam) (unpublished decision) . . . duty to register, independent duty, failure to register, tiering

United States v. Fisher, 
No. 21-1590, 2022 WL 468520 (8th Cir. Feb. 16, 2022) (per curiam) (unpublished decision) . . . Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy, failure to register

United States v. Gifford, 
991 F.3d 944 (8th Cir. 2021) (per curiam) . . . conditions, supervised release, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Hill, 
820 F.3d 1003 (8th Cir. 2016) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach, Chevron

United States v. Hollow Horn Bear, 
144 F.4th 1105 (8th Cir. 2025) . . . Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

United States v. Howell, 
552 F.3d 709 (8th Cir. 2009) . . . failure to register, interstate travel, venue

United States v. Hutson, 
59 F.4th 965 (8th Cir. 2023) (per curiam) . . . conditions, supervised release, minors

United States v. Johnson, 
773 F.3d 905 (8th Cir. 2014) . . . conditions, supervised release, GPS

United States v. Karsten, 
No. 23-CR-3063, 2024 WL 4225893 (D. Neb. Sept. 18, 2024) . . . failure to register, tiering

United States v. Kills Warrior, 
128 F.4th 999 (8th Cir. 2025), aff’g, Nos. CR 19-50163, CR 22-50066, 2023 WL 4541115 (D.S.D. July 14, 2023) . . . Indian Country, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

United States v. Kuehl, 
706 F.3d 917 (8th Cir. 2013) . . . nondelegation

United States v. Lafferty, 
608 F. Supp. 2d 1131 (D.S.D. 2009) . . . juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

United States v. Laney, 
No. CR20-3053, 2021 WL 1821188 (N.D. Iowa May 6, 2021) . . . failure to register, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Lunsford, 
725 F.3d 859 (8th Cir. 2013) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Marrowbone,
No. 14-CR-30071, 2014 WL 6694781 (D.S.D. Nov. 26, 2014) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” modified categorical approach, divisible statute
102 F. Supp. 3d 1101 (D.S.D. 2015) . . . failure to register, tiering, Sixth Amendment
No. 24-CR-40106, 2025 WL 1951890 (D.S.D. July 16, 2025) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” modified categorical approach, divisible statute, failure to register

United States v. May, 
535 F.3d 912 (8th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1258 (2009) . . . Commerce Clause, failure to register, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto 

United States v. Mays, 
993 F.3d 607 (8th Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Negrete-Vaca, 
No. 25-CR-4055, 2026 WL 594868 (N.D. Iowa Mar. 3, 2026) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” “substantially similar,” failure to register, categorical approach

United States v. Nichols, 
No. 13-30158, 2014 WL 4294529 (D.S.D. Aug. 20, 2014) . . . Indian Country, right to exclude

United States v. Pietrantonio, 
637 F.3d 865 (8th Cir. 2011) . . . failure to register, continuing offense

United States v. Rabbitt, 
142 F.4th 1085 (8th Cir. 2025) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Red Tomahawk, 
No. 17-cr-106, 2018 WL 3077789 (D.N.D. June 20, 2018) . . . Indian Country, duty to register

United States v. Shinn, 
No. 22-1731, 2022 WL 2518014 (8th Cir. July 7, 2022) (per curiam) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Simpson, 
Nos. 24-2575, 24-2576, 2025 WL 3110491 (8th Cir. Nov. 6, 2025) (per curiam) (unpublished decision) . . . failure to register, Commerce Clause

United States v. Smith, 
504 F. App’x 519 (8th Cir. 2012) (per curiam), aff’g, 655 F.3d 839 (2011) . . . Tenth Amendment, federalism

United States v. Thurber, 
106 F.4th 814 (8th Cir. 2024), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 1071 (2025) . . . conditions, supervised release

United States v. Voice, 
622 F.3d 870 (8th Cir. 2010) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders

United States v. Wiedower, 
634 F.3d 490 (8th Cir. 2011) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet, sex offender treatment

United States v. Zeroni, 
799 F. App’x 950 (8th Cir. 2020) . . . nondelegation

Weems v. Little Rock Police Dep’t, 
453 F.3d 1010 (8th Cir. 2006) . . . residency restrictions, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

ACLU of Nev. v. Masto, 
670 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2012) . . . retroactivity, ex post facto, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process 
719 F. Supp. 2d 1258 (D. Nev. 2008), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, and appeal dismissed in part, 670 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2012) . . . retroactivity, ex post facto

Caires v. Iramina, 
No. 08-110, 2008 WL 2421640 (D. Haw. June 16, 2008) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Doe v. Brown, 
No. 07-3585, 2008 WL 11357967 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 22, 2008) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe v. Mayes, 
No. CV-24-02259, 2024 WL 4870503 (D. Ariz. Nov. 22, 2024) . . . community notification, ex post facto, due process, equal protection, First Amendment 
No. CV-24-02259, 2025 WL 1865805 (D. Ariz. July 7, 2025) . . . community notification, ex post facto, due process, equal protection, First Amendment, compelled speech

Doe v. Sheridan, 
No. CV-23-01938, 2025 WL 3485201 (D. Ariz. Nov. 7, 2025), appeal filed, No. 25-7389 (9th Cir. Nov. 24, 2025) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, First Amendment, internet, Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, vague

Doe v. Tandeske, 
361 F.3d 594 (9th Cir. 2004) (per curiam) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process

Doe v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 
No. 22-0855, 2026 WL 980523 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 9, 2026) . . . “conviction,” duty to register, Administrative Procedure Act, failure to register, impossibility, due process, nondelegation, due process, nondelegation, First Amendment, internet
650 F. Supp. 3d 957 (C.D. Cal. 2023) . . . duty to register, failure to register, impossibility, due process

Doe v. Wasden, 
558 F. Supp. 3d 892 (D. Idaho 2021) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, equal protection

Does 1-26 v. Ford, 
No. A-14-694645-C, 2021 WL 9747434 (D. Nev. July 23, 2021) . . . state constitution, procedural due process

Does 1-134 v. Wasden, 
982 F.3d 784 (9th Cir. 2020) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, residency restrictions

Fletcher v. Idaho Dep’t of Corr., 
No. 21-35128, 2023 WL 3018288 (9th Cir. Apr. 20, 2023), aff’g, No. 18-cv-00267, 2020 WL 7082690 (D. Idaho Dec. 3, 2020) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, sex offender label

Gonzalez v. Duncan, 
551 F.3d 875 (9th Cir. 2008) . . . Eighth Amendment, cruel and unusual punishment

Hardin v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 
779 F.2d 476 (9th Cir. 1985) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction, right to exclude

Hatton v. Bonner, 
356 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2004) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Henry v. Lungren, 
164 F.3d 1240 (9th Cir. 1999) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Johnson v. California, 
No. 10-716, 2011 WL 3962119 (C.D. Cal. July 25, 2011) . . . federal housing

Johnson v. Terhune, 
184 F. App’x 622 (9th Cir. 2006) . . . Fourth Amendment, search, DNA, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

Litmon v. Harris, 
768 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2014) . . . ex post facto, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process

Maciel v. Cate, 
731 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2013) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Maya Alvarado v. Wilkinson, 
847 F. App’x 445 (9th Cir. 2021) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

McCarty v. Roos, 
998 F. Supp. 2d 950 (D. Nev. 2014), aff’d, 689 F. App’x 576 (9th Cir. 2017) . . .“sex offense,” foreign conviction

McNab v. Kok, 
170 F.3d 1246 (9th Cir. 1999) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Menges v. Knudsen, 
538 F. Supp. 3d 1082 (D. Mont. 2021) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, right to privacy, equal protection

Meyer v. Nat’l Tenant Network Inc., 
10 F. Supp. 3d 1096 (N.D. Cal. 2014) . . . Fair Credit Reporting Act

Munoz v. Smith, 
17 F.4th 1237 (9th Cir. 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Neal v. Shimoda, 
131 F.3d 818 (9th Cir. 1997) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, sex offender label

Peterson v. United States, 
No. 22-55490, 2024 WL 5087916 (9th Cir. Dec. 12, 2024), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 1946 (2025) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach, residual clause 

Plasencia-Ayala v. Mukasey, 
516 F.3d 738 (9th Cir. 2008) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Rider v. Frierson, 
No. 19-cv-01831, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8300 (D. Nev. Jan. 14, 2021) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Rodriguez-Moreno v. State, 
No. 08-493-TC, 2011 WL 6980829 (D. Or. Nov. 15, 2011) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

Scott v. Fox, 
No. 18-cv-2687, 2020 WL 3571476 (E.D. Cal. July 1, 2020) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel

Syed v. Barr, 
969 F.3d 1012 (9th Cir. 2020) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach, immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

United States v. Adolph, 
552 F. App'x 653 (9th Cir. 2014) . . . duty to register, failure to register, impossibility

United States v. Ballantyne, 
No. CR 19-42, 2019 WL 3891252 (D. Mont. Aug. 19, 2019) . . . tiering, categorical approach, failure to register

United States v. Begay, 
622 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2010) . . . Indian Country, duty to register, updating information

United States v. Begay, 
No. CR-24-08110, 2025 WL 3650247 (D. Ariz. Dec. 16, 2025) . . . Indian Country, duty to register, “sex offense,” failure to register

United States v. Benevento, 
633 F. Supp. 2d 1170 (D. Nev. 2009) . . . failure to register, notice, duty to register, impossibility, ex post facto

United States v. Byun, 
539 F.3d 982 (9th Cir. 2008) . . . “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach, tiering

United States v. Cabrera-Gutierrez, 
756 F.3d 1125 (9th Cir. 2014) . . . tiering, categorical approach, Commerce Clause, Necessary and Proper Clause, Sixth Amendment

United States v. Clements, 
655 F.3d 1028 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) . . . failure to register, continuing offense

United States v. Dailey, 
941 F.3d 1183 (9th Cir. 2019) . . . duty to register, 18 U.S.C. § 1952, “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach, Chevron, conditions, supervised release

United States v. Daniel, 
No. 20-CR-00112, 2021 WL 3037404 (D. Idaho July 19, 2021) . . . failure to register, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Davenport, 
No. CR 06-06-M, 2022 WL 4547652 (D. Mont. Sept. 29, 2022) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Elk Shoulder, 
738 F.3d 948 (9th Cir. 2013) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Elk Shoulder, 
847 F. App’x 517 (9th Cir. 2021) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders, updating information

United States v. Elkins, 
683 F.3d 1039 (9th Cir. 2012) . . . failure to register, continuing offense, duty to register, impossibility, ex post facto

United States v. Estrada, 
349 F. Supp. 3d 830 (D. Ariz. 2018) . . . immigration, deportation

United States v. Fitzgerald, 
No. 24-CR-0059, 2025 WL 567019 (E.D. Wash. Feb. 20, 2025) . . . failure to register, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. George, 
625 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2010) . . . failure to register, continuing offense, duty to register, impossibility

United States v. Hardeman, 
598 F. Supp. 2d 1040 (N.D. Cal. 2009) . . . Commerce Clause

United States v. Hardeman, 
704 F.3d 1266 (9th Cir. 2013) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A, ex post facto

United States v. Hohag, 
893 F.3d 1190 (9th Cir. 2018) . . . conditions, supervised release, polygraph

United States v. Hollins, 
70 F. 4th 1258 (9th Cir. 2023) . . . civil commitment

United States v. Jackson, 
No. CR-09-1115, 2010 WL 3325611 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2010) . . . “sex offense,” indecent exposure, failure to register

United States v. Johnson, 
697 F.3d 1249 (9th Cir. 2012) . . . conditions, supervised release, assessment

United States v. Juvenile Male, 
581 F.3d 977 (9th Cir. 2009) (“Juvenile Male I”) . . . retroactivity, ex post facto, juveniles
670 F.3d 999 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Juvenile Male III”) . . . duty to register, independent duty, Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process 

United States v. Lusby, 
972 F.3d 1032 (9th Cir. 2020) . . . failure to register, interstate travel, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy
No. 21-10333, 2022 WL 16570816 (9th Cir. Nov. 1, 2022) . . . failure to register, Commerce Clause

United States v. Lyte, 
No. 21-10316, 2023 WL 3477842 (9th Cir. May 16, 2023) . . . failure to register, homeless offenders
No. CR-20-01859, 2021 WL 1566245 (D. Ariz. Feb. 4, 2021), report and recommendation adopted, No. CR-20-01859, 2021 WL 940986 (D. Ariz. Mar. 12, 2021) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Martin, 
No. 05-cr-2017, 2025 WL 3068737 (E.D. Wash. Nov. 3, 2025) . . . petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. McGee, 
No. 12-cr-00052, 2025 WL 1215212 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2025) . . . duty to register, juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, tolling
No. 24-5532, 2025 WL 2992504 (9th Cir. Oct. 24, 2025) . . . duty to register, juveniles, adjudicated delinquent, tolling

United States v. Moore, 
449 F. App’x 677 (9th Cir. 2011) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register

United States v. Ochoa, 
932 F.3d 866 (9th Cir. 2019) . . . conditions, supervised release, pornography

United States v. Ogburn, 
590 F. App’x 683 (9th Cir. 2015) . . . failure to register, continuing offense

United States v. Pope, 
No. 18-cr-0327, 2019 WL 1919164 (D. Nev. Apr. 30, 2019) . . . “sex offense,” Sixth Amendment

United States v. Pretty on Top, 
857 F. App’x 914 (9th Cir. 2021) (mem.), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 829 (2022) 
. . . juveniles, Eighth Amendment, ex post facto

United States v. Richardson, 
754 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2014) . . . Tenth Amendment, federalism

United States v. Saari, 
No. CR 05-31, 2024 WL 4133024 (D. Mont. Sept. 10, 2024) . . . duty to register, independent duty, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. Salazar, 
Nos. 10-cr-60121, 20-cv-01438, 2021 WL 2366086 (D. Or. June 9, 2021) . . . “sex offense,” circumstance-specific approach, residual clause, tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Shoulderblade, 
No. 24-3940, 2025 WL 1482787 (9th Cir. May 23, 2025) . . . failure to register, mens rea

United States v. Stoterau, 
524 F.3d 988 (9th Cir. 2008) . . . conditions, supervised release, polygraph, Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination

United States v. Studeny, 
No. CR11-0180, 2019 WL 859271 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 22, 2019) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify

United States v. Thomas, 
No. 22-50208, 2023 WL 8542683 (9th Cir. Dec. 11, 2023) . . . failure to register, mens rea, duty to register, notice, international travel

United States v. Valverde, 
628 F.3d 1159 (9th Cir. 2010) . . . Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Walizer, 
600 F. App’x 546 (9th Cir. 2015) (mem.) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Watchman, 
No. CR08-1202, 2009 WL 464995 (D. Ariz. Feb. 24, 2009) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction, failure to register

United States v. Whittaker, 
No. 24-2064, 2025 WL 1163823 (9th Cir. Apr. 22, 2025) . . . failure to register, Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy

Warenback v. Ford, 
No. 21-16964, 2023 WL 7121405 (9th Cir. Oct. 30, 2023) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Williamson v. Gregoire, 
151 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 1990) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Wright v. State, 
47 F.4th 954 (9th Cir. 2022) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Zichko v. Idaho, 
247 F.3d 1015 (9th Cir. 2001) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody,” failure to register

Brown v. Montoya, 
662 F.3d 1152 (10th Cir. 2011) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process

Brown v. Rogers, 
No. 17-CV-0651, 2025 WL 1481891 (N.D. Okla. May 22, 2025) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

Calhoun v. Att’y Gen. of Colo., 
745 F.3d 1070 (10th Cir. 2014) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Carney v. Okla. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 
875 F.3d 1347 (10th Cir. 2017) . . . Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, equal protection

Clark v. Oklahoma, 
789 F. App’x 680 (10th Cir. 2019) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Dickey v. Allbaugh, 
664 F. App’x 690 (10th Cir. 2016) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Doe v. City of Albuquerque, 
667 F.3d 1111 (10th Cir. 2012) . . . residency restrictions, First Amendment

Doe v. Shurtleff, 
628 F.3d 1217 (10th Cir. 2010) . . . First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, internet identifiers

Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Okla. v. Drummond, 
No. 23-cv-105, 2026 WL 449737 (N.D. Okla. Feb. 17, 2026) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

Efagene v. Holder, 
642 F.3d 918 (10th Cir. 2011) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

Frazier v. People, 
No. 08-02427, 2010 WL 2844080 (D. Colo. July 16, 2010) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Gwinn v. Awmiller, 
354 F.3d 1211 (10th Cir. 2004) . . . procedural due process, classification

Herrera v. Williams, 
99 F. App’x 188 (10th Cir. 2004) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Melnick v. Camper, 
487 F. Supp. 3d 1039 (D. Colo. 2020), aff’d, No. 20-1417, 2021 WL 5571781 (10th Cir. Nov. 30, 2021) . . . ex post facto, First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, search, Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination, Eighth Amendment, conditions, supervised release, duty to register

Melnick v. Raemisch, 
No. 19-cv-00154, 2021 WL 4133919 (D. Colo. Sept. 10, 2021), appeal dismissed, No. 21-1330, 2021 WL 7627513 (10th Cir. Oct. 5, 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet, First Amendment

Millard v. Camper, 
971 F.3d 1174 (10th Cir. 2020), rev’g sub nom., Millard v. Rankin, 265 F. Supp. 3d 1211 (D. Colo. 2017) . . . punitive/regulatory, Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process

Millard v. Rankin, 
265 F. Supp. 3d 1211 (D. Colo. 2017), rev’d sub nom., Millard v. Camper, 971 F.3d 1174 (10th Cir. 2020) . . . residency restrictions, Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment

Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. City of Henryetta, 
No. 25-CV-227, 2026 WL 1336060 (E.D. Okla. May 13, 2026) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction
809 F. Supp. 3d 1317 (E.D. Okla. 2025) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. Kunzweiler, 
No. 25-cv-00075, 2025 WL 3124450 (N.D. Okla. Nov. 7, 2025) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction
No. 25-cv-00075, 2025 WL 1392057 (N.D. Okla. Apr. 23, 2025) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

Shaw v. Patton, 
823 F.3d 556 (10th Cir. 2016) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Beck, 
No. 24-CR-28, 2024 WL 3489200 (E.D. Okla. July 21, 2024) . . . failure to register, mens rea 

United States v. Caldwell, 
128 F.4th 1170 (10th Cir. 2025) . . . failure to register, continuing offense

United States v. Doby, 
No. 18-CR-40057, 2019 WL 6825064 (D. Kan. Nov. 7, 2019) . . . failure to register, First Amendment, compelled speech

United States v. Fabiano, 
169 F.3d 1299 (10th Cir. 1999) . . . conditions, supervised release

United States v. Flippins, 
No. 23-cr-10084, 2024 WL 3360514 (D. Kan. July 9, 2024) . . . tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Forster, 
549 F. App’x 757 (10th Cir. 2013) . . . tiering, categorical approach

United States v. Fox, 
286 F. Supp. 3d 1219 (D. Kan. 2018) . . . First Amendment, compelled speech, international travel

United States v. Hahn, 
551 F.3d 977 (10th Cir. 2008) . . . duty to register, conditions, supervised release

United States v. Hammer, 
No. CR-25-016, 2026 WL 311972 (E.D. Okla. Feb. 5, 2026) . . . guilty plea/plea agreement, failure to register

United States v. Hebert, 
159 F.4th 777 (10th Cir. 2025) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

United States v. Hinckley, 
550 F.3d 926 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1240 (2009) . . . duty to register, independent duty, failure to register, mens rea, impossibility, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. King, 
431 F. App’x 630 (10th Cir. 2011) . . . residency restrictions, Supremacy Clause

United States v. Kornacki, 
Nos. 24-1071, 24-1073, 2025 WL 1341828 (10th Cir. May 8, 2025) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Lawrance, 
548 F.3d 1329 (10th Cir. 2008) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Lewis, 
768 F.3d 1086 (10th Cir. 2014) . . . failure to register, continuing offense, venue

United States v. Neel, 
641 F. App’x 782 (10th Cir. 2016) . . . Tenth Amendment, federalism

United States v. Shakespeare, 
32 F.4th 1228 (10th Cir. 2022) . . . conditions, supervised release

United States v. Smith, 
100 F.4th 1244 (10th Cir. 2024) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

United States v. Smith, 
No. 21-CR-00553, 2023 WL 8358116 (N.D. Okla. Nov. 30, 2023) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

United States v. Still, 
No. 21-CR-53, 2021 WL 1914217 (N.D. Okla. May 12, 2021) . . . Indian Country, failure to register

United States v. Stovall, 
No. 06-cr-00286, 2021 WL 5086067 (D. Colo. Nov. 2, 2021) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

United States v. White, 
782 F.3d 1118 (10th Cir. 2015) . . . modified categorical approach, divisible statute, tiering, categorical approach, Commerce Clause, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, Tenth Amendment, federalism

United States v. Zwiebel, 
No. 06CR720, 2023 WL 2480052 (D. Utah Mar. 13, 2023) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

Wahpekeche v. Pettigrew, 
169 F.4th 1176 (10th Cir. 2026) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

Clements v. Florida, 
59 F.4th 1204 (11th Cir. 2023) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody”

Clements v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Correc., 
No. 24-11353, 2025 WL 1892401 (11th Cir. July 9, 2025) (per curiam) . . . habeas corpus, “in custody,” residency restrictions

Dingman v. Cart Shield USA, LLC, 
No. 12-20088-CIV, 2013 WL 3353835 (S.D. Fla. July 3, 2013) . . . failure to register, impeachment

Doe v. Baker, 
No. 05-CV-2265, 2006 WL 905368 (N.D. Ga. Apr. 5, 2006) . . . Fifth Amendment, takings

Doe v. Miami-Dade Cnty., 
846 F.3d 1180 (11th Cir. 2017) . . . residency restrictions, homeless offenders, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Doe v. Moore, 
410 F.3d 1337 (11th Cir. 2005) . . . right to travel, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, substantive due process

Doe 1 v. Marshall, 
367 F. Supp. 3d 1310 (M.D. Ala. 2019) . . . residency restrictions, Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process, First Amendment, compelled speech

Erickson v. First Advantage Background Servs., Corp., 
981 F.3d 1246 (11th Cir. 2020) . . . Fair Credit Reporting Act

Guerrero v. Blakely, 
No. 12-CV-1072, 2014 WL 4686482 (N.D. Ala. Sept. 12, 2014) . . . military, “conviction,” duty to register

Henry v. Sheriff of Tuscaloosa Cnty., 
135 F.4th 1271 (11th Cir. 2025) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, substantive due process

Kirby v. Siegelman, 
195 F.3d 1285 (11th Cir. 1999) . . . Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, sex offender label

Lindsey v. Comm’r of Fla. Dep’t of Law Enf’t, 
No. 22-10420, 2022 WL 4231823 (11th Cir. Sept. 14, 2022) (per curiam) . . . Full Faith and Credit Clause

Mack v. Dixon, 
No. 21cv963, 2023 WL 2386310 (N.D. Fla. Mar. 6, 2023) . . . juveniles, Eighth Amendment

McClendon v. Long, 
22 F.4th 1330 (11th Cir. 2022) . . . First Amendment, compelled speech

McGuire v. Marshall, 
50 F.4th 986 (11th Cir. 2022) . . . residency restrictions, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto, homeless offenders
512 F. Supp. 3d 1189 (M.D. Ala. 2021), aff’d on other grounds, 50 F.4th 986 (11th Cir. 2022) . . . First Amendment, right to travel
741 F. Supp. 3d 1112 (M.D. Ala. 2024), appeal filed, No. 24-11731 (11th Cir. May 28, 2024) . . . residency restrictions,  First Amendment

McGuire v. Strange, 
83 F. Supp. 3d 1231 (M.D. Ala. 2015) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Otey v. Dir. of Ala. Law Enf’t Agency, 
No. 16-cv-01540, 2017 WL 1317947 (N.D. Ala. Apr. 10, 2017) . . . punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Pennington v. Taylor, 
776 F. Supp. 3d 1118 (M.D. Ala. 2025) . . . retroactivity, juveniles, ex post facto, Fourteenth Amendment, procedural due process, equal protection

Ridley v. Caldwell, 
No. 21-13504, 2022 WL 2800203 (11th Cir. July 18, 2022) (per curiam), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 587 (2023) . . . punitive/regulatory, habeas corpus, “in custody”

United States v. Ambert, 
561 F.3d 1202 (11th Cir. 2009) . . . Commerce Clause, right to travel, nondelegation, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Bobal, 
981 F.3d 971 (11th Cir. 2020) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

United States v. Boykin, 
No. 22-10327, 2022 WL 1558894 (11th Cir. May 17, 2022) (per curiam) 
. . . conditions, supervised release, polygraph

United States v. Brice, 
167 F.4th 1330 (11th Cir. 2026) . . . Indian Country, jurisdiction

United States v. Brown, 
586 F.3d 1342 (11th Cir. 2009) . . . duty to register, impossibility

United States v. Cole, 
823 F. App’x 911 (11th Cir. 2020) (per curiam), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 122 (2021) 
. . . nondelegation, retroactivity, failure to register

United States v. Cordero, 
7 F.4th 1058 (11th Cir. 2021) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet, First Amendment

United States v. Dean, 
604 F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2010) . . . Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. DeMarco, 
634 F. App’x 253 (11th Cir. 2015) . . . failure to register, impossibility

United States v. Dodge, 
597 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) . . . duty to register, “sex offense,” residual clause, circumstance-specific approach

United States v. Dumont, 
555 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 66 (2009) . . . duty to register, retroactivity

United States v. Fuertes, 
No. 24-12389, 2025 WL 3266799 (11th Cir. Nov. 24, 2025) (per curiam) . . . failure to register, mens rea

United States v. Grant, 
No. 17-CR-236, 2018 WL 4516008 (N.D. Ga. July 4, 2018), adopted by, No. 17-CR-236, 2018 WL 4140870 (N.D. Ga. Aug. 30, 2018) . . . “conviction,” withheld adjudication

United States v. Griffey, 
589 F.3d 1363 (11th Cir. 2009) . . . failure to register, notice, duty to register

United States v. Jones, 
383 F. App’x 885 (11th Cir. 2010) . . . “sex offense,” military

United States v. Kopp, 
778 F.3d 986 (11th Cir. 2015) . . . failure to register, venue

United States v. Larrier, 
No. 21-CR-00240, 2022 WL 1092793 (N.D. Ga. Apr. 11, 2022) . . . nondelegation

United States v. LaSane, 
No. 21-10088, 2021 WL 4958689 (11th Cir. Oct. 26, 2021) (per curiam) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A 

United States v. Lewallyn, 
737 F. App’x 471 (11th Cir. 2018) . . . duty to register, updating information

United States v. Lloyd, 
809 F. App’x 750 (11th Cir. 2020) . . . duty to register, “sex offense”

United States v. Lusk, 
119 F.4th 815 (11th Cir. 2024) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Peters, 
856 F. App’x 230 (11th Cir. 2021) . . . Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination

United States v. Sewell, 
712 F. App’x 917 (11th Cir. 2017) . . . conditions, supervised release, duty to register, retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Simon-Marcos, 
363 F. App’x 726 (11th Cir. 2010) . . . failure to register, notice, duty to register, independent duty, impossibility, Commerce Clause, Fifth Amendment, self-incrimination

United States v. Slaughter, 
708 F.3d 1208 (11th Cir. 2013) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A

United States v. Torchia, 
No. 20-CR-00464, 2021 WL 2169484 (May 7, 2021), adopted by, No. 20-CR-00464, 2021 WL 2166863 (N.D. Ga. May 27, 2021) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach

United States v. Tosca, 
848 F. App’x 371 (11th Cir. 2021) . . . failure to register, mens rea

United States v. Vineyard, 
945 F.3d 1164 (11th Cir. 2019) . . . “sex offense,” categorical approach

United States v. W.B.H., 
664 F.3d 848 (11th Cir. 2011) . . . retroactivity, “conviction,” duty to register, juveniles, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

United States v. Ward, 
No. 14cr24, 2014 WL 6388502 (N.D. Fla. Nov. 14, 2014) . . . failure to register, updating information

United States v. Washington, 
763 F. App’x 870 (11th Cir. 2019) . . . conditions, supervised release, internet

Wagner v. Garland, 
No. 24-cv-899, 2024 WL 5125745 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 16, 2024) . . . duty to register, petition to terminate/modify, clean record

White v. Baker, 
696 F. Supp. 2d 1289 (N.D. Ga. 2010) . . . First Amendment, internet

Windwalker v. Governor of Ala., 
579 F. App’x 769 (11th Cir. 2014) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Anderson v. Holder, 
647 F.3d 1165 (D.C. Cir. 2011) . . . retroactivity, punitive/regulatory, ex post facto

Bado v. United States, 
186 A.3d 1243 (D.C. Cir. 2018) . . . immigration, deportation, Sixth Amendment, jury trial

Bostic v. D.C. Hous. Auth., 
162 A.3d 170 (D.C. Cir. 2017) . . . federal housing

Castaneira v. Noem, 
138 F.4th 540 (D.C. Cir. 2025) . . . immigration, deportation

Kaufman v. Nielsen, 
896 F.3d 475 (D.C. Cir. 2018) . . . immigration, deportation

Tilley v. United States, 
238 A.3d 961 (D.C. Cir. 2020) . . . civil commitment, substantive due process

United States v. Morgan, 
255 F. Supp. 3d 221 (D.D.C. 2017) . . . sentencing enhancement, 18 U.S.C. § 2260A, ex post facto

United States v. Okafor, 
No. 23-116, 2025 WL 819577 (D.D.C. Mar. 13, 2025) . . . failure to register, impeachment

United States v. Ross, 
848 F.3d 1129 (D.C. Cir. 2017) . . . Administrative Procedure Act

United States v. Russell, 
45 F.4th 436 (D.C. Cir. 2022) . . . conditions, supervised release, GPS

United States v. Lara, 
No. ACM 40247, 2023 WL 4234182 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. June 28, 2023) 
. . . duty to register, notice, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Cueto, 
82 M.J. 323 (C.A.A.F. 2022) . . . military, Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel

United States v. Johnson, 
86 M.J. 8 (C.A.A.F. 2025) . . . military, right to firearms

United States v. Miller, 
63 M.J. 452 (C.A.A.F. 2006) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Riley, 
72 M.J. 115 (C.A.A.F. 2013) . . . Sixth Amendment, ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Talkington, 
73 M.J. 212 (C.A.A.F. 2014) . . . ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

United States v. Molina, 
68 M.J. 532 (C.G. Ct. Crim. App. 2009) . . . guilty plea/plea agreement

Washington v. United States, 
74 M.J. 560 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2014) . . . ineffective assistance of counsel, guilty plea/plea agreement

In re Aceijas-Quiroz, 
26 I. & N. Dec. 294 (B.I.A. 2014) . . . immigration, deportation

In re Introcaso, 
26 I. & N. Dec. 304 (B.I.A. 2014) . . . immigration, deportation, moral turpitude

In re Titus, 
29 FCC Rcd. 14066 (2014) . . . employment restrictions